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LoopHIL: Looping Hardware into LLM-assisted Agents for Wireless Embedded Systems

Dhairya Shah, Spanddhana Sara, Savitha Viswanadh Kandala, Ambuj Varshney · 2026 · arXiv (Cornell University)

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.24231 · cited by 0 works (OpenAlex) · open-access PDF

Arabic

ويستخدم المنشآت LLM على نطاق واسع لتطوير البرمجيات وتحديثها، ولكن تطبيقه في الأنظمة المملوكة، وخاصة للأنشطة اللاسلكية، لا يزال محدودًا. وهذا لأن تطوير المنشآت المملوكة يتطلب اختبارًا على الهواتف الذكية. لا يستطيع المنشآت مراقبة الهواتف الذكية بشكل مباشر، أو قياس قدرتها، لذلك لا يستطيعون التحقق من وظائف الاتصال اللاسلكي؛ في الوقت الحالي، يقوم المهندسين البشريون بتحقيق هذا التحقق. ونحن نستنتج بسهولة ما إذا كان المنشآت LLM يمكن إنشاء الاتصال اللاسلكي عندما يتم توفير الوصول إلى الهواتف الذكية. نحن نقدم LoopHIL، إطار يتيح

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

LLM agents are widely used for software development and debugging, but their adoption in embedded systems, especially for wireless tasks, remains limited. This is because embedded development requires hardware-in-the-loop testing. Agents cannot directly observe the spectrum, probe pins, or measure power, so they cannot verify wireless link functionality; currently, human engineers perform this verification. We systematically evaluate whether LLM agents can establish wireless links when provided with hardware access. We introduce LoopHIL, a framework that lets agents control a multi-device RF bench, monitor it with a spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, and energy meter, and validate links against a verification ladder, all within code-enforced safety limits. Across four increasingly complex tasks, from generating a carrier to backscatter decoding by a commercial receiver, and using six models from two vendors, hardware-in-the-loop increases task completion rates from 54% to 79% and from 17% to 83% on the most challenging task. It also halves task time and output tokens. With debugging tools, agents decrease tag power consumption by up to 96%. However, small models often report unverified claims, so independent hardware checks remain necessary.

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Topics: Debugging, Wireless, Computer science, Embedded system, Task (project management), Power consumption

Sources: OpenAlex (CC0), arXiv, Crossref. Agent Exchange