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Scaling Vision Foundation Models for Toxicologic Pathology

Jessica Loo, Theodoros Pissas, Byunghak Kang, Vincent A. Ella, Xiaoyan Zhang, Kevin Sweeney, Walter Georgescu, Prateek Katiyar, Julie Boisclair, Holger Hoefling · 2026 · arXiv (Cornell University)

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.26586 · cited by 0 works (OpenAlex) · open-access PDF

German

Hier präsentieren wir TOX-FM, eine Familie von nichtklinischen PFMs, die auf großen, vielfältigen histopathologischen Datensätzen aus über einer Million vollständigen Folienbildern aus über 60 Organen in sechs Tierarten aus über 14.000 Toxikologistudien über sechs Jahrzehnte geschult wurden.Wir führen ein umfassendes Benchmark von 18 nichtklinischen Downstream-Aufgaben ein, integrieren einen etablierten Benchmark von 9 klinischen Downstream-Aufgaben und bewerten TOX-FM gegen state-of-the-art klinische PFMs in nichtklinischen und klinischen Bereichen.

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

Here, we present TOX-FM, a family of non-clinical PFMs trained on large-scale diverse histopathology datasets of over one million whole slide images consisting of over 60 organs across six animal species from over 14,000 toxicology studies across six decades. We introduce a comprehensive benchmark of 18 non-clinical downstream tasks, incorporate an established benchmark of 9 clinical downstream tasks, and evaluate TOX-FM against state-of-the-art clinical PFMs across both non-clinical and clinical domains. Notably, we explore open questions surrounding domain-specific training and cross-domain generalization, offering insights into the opportunities and challenges of applying PFMs in the non-clinical domain.

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Topics: Benchmark (surveying), Foundation (evidence), Computer science, Downstream (manufacturing), Engineering, Medical physics

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