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Revealing Hidden Failure Modes in Chest X-ray Classification via Spectral Domain Analysis

Samuel Halimi, Loic Themyr, Arnaud Abreu · 2026 · arXiv (Cornell University)

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.29830 · cited by 0 works (OpenAlex) · open-access PDF

Korean

가슴 X-ray anomaly 탐지에 대한 깊은 학습 모델은 여전히 미묘한 분포 변화에 취약하다 (예를 들어, 획득 기술, 환자 관련 요인 및 사전 처리). 전통적인 오류 분석은 종종 시멘틱 메타데이터 또는 모델 삽입에 의존하여 성능을 악화시키는 낮은 수준의 신호 변화를 마스크 할 수 있습니다. 이 작업에서, 우리는 스펙트럼 분석을 사용하여 자동 실패 모드 발견을위한 데이터 중심 프레임 워크를 제안합니다. 우리는 스펙트럼 영역에 이미지를 프로젝터링하고, 주파수 밴드 간 신호 에너지 분포를 요약하는 컴팩트 프로필을 추출합니다. 이러한 스펙트럼 프로필에 대한 감독되지 않은 클러스터링을 수행함으로써, 우리는 모델 실

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

Deep learning models for chest X-ray anomaly detection remain vulnerable to subtle distributional shifts (e.g., acquisition technique, patient-related factors, and preprocessing). Traditional error analysis often relies on semantic metadata or model embeddings, which can mask low-level signal variations that degrade performance. In this work, we propose a data-centric framework for automated failure mode discovery using spectral analysis. We project images into the frequency domain and extract a compact profile summarizing the distribution of signal energy across frequency bands. By performing unsupervised clustering on these spectral profiles, we demonstrate that model failures are not randomly distributed, but are strongly concentrated within specific spectral clusters. This method effectively isolates "blind spots", enabling the prediction of model reliability and the discovery of performance-degrading data slices without requiring ground-truth failure annotations.

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Topics: Computer science, Artificial intelligence, Reliability (semiconductor), Pattern recognition (psychology), Cluster analysis, Spectral clustering

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