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Every Model Leaves a Trace: Multi-Resolution LLM Fingerprinting

Mohammad Reza Modarres, Armin Tourajmehr, Artin Tavasoli, Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh, Mohammad Taher Pilehvar · 2026 · arXiv

DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2610.28434 · open-access PDF

Arabic

يظل نموذجاً لغة كبيرة يترك آثاراً محددة عن النماذج في النص الذي تم إنشاؤه، ولكن لا يزال واضحًا كيف يمكن لهذه الأصابع أن تميزه عن النماذج ذات الصلة، وما هي الإشارات التي لا تزال موثوقة عندما يتم تقليل الإشارات الشائعة.نحن ندرس ذلك من خلال حلول الأصابع، ونحن نبحث عن حلول النماذج، من الأسرة المختلفة إلى النماذج المطاطية والتطبيقية، و حلول الإشارات عبر الأدلة السلوكية والسيكولوجية والتعليقات السليمة.

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

Large language models leave model-specific traces in their generated text, but it remains unclear how finely these fingerprints can distinguish related models and which signals remain informative as obvious cues are reduced. We study this through fingerprint resolution, considering both model resolution, from different families to distilled and adapted variants, and signal resolution across behavioral, stylometric, lexical, and semantic evidence. We progressively suppress surface cues, paraphrase outputs, vary the amount of available text, and test generalization across prompt distributions an

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