Newest papers

Every Model Leaves a Trace: Multi-Resolution LLM Fingerprinting

Mohammad Reza Modarres, Armin Tourajmehr, Artin Tavasoli, Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh, Mohammad Taher Pilehvar · 2026 · arXiv (Cornell University)

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.28434 · cited by 0 works (OpenAlex) · open-access PDF

Japanese

大規模な言語モデルは、生成されたテキストにモデル特有の痕跡を残しますが、これらの指紋が関連モデルを区別する方法と、明らかなサインが削減されるように、どのシグナルが情報に残るかは不明です。我々は、異なるファミリーから蒸留式および適応型変数までのモデル解像度を考慮して、指紋の解像度を用いて、これを研究します。我々の結果は、指紋が幅広いファミリー差異を超えて存在し、蒸留式モデル、レクシカルおよびセマンティック証拠のロイヤル解像度で検出可能であることを示しています。我々は、表面のサイン、パラフラッシュ出力を徐々に抑制し、

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

Large language models leave model-specific traces in their generated text, but it remains unclear how finely these fingerprints can distinguish related models and which signals remain informative as obvious cues are reduced. We study this through fingerprint resolution, considering both model resolution, from different families to distilled and adapted variants, and signal resolution across behavioral, stylometric, lexical, and semantic evidence. We progressively suppress surface cues, paraphrase outputs, vary the amount of available text, and test generalization across prompt distributions and languages. Our results show that fingerprints persist beyond broad family differences, remaining detectable in distilled models and even LoRA adaptations of the same base model. Although attribution weakens as surface and lexical cues are altered, substantial model-specific signal remains. These signals transfer across prompt sources and languages, with semantic representations proving most robust across languages. These findings show that model identity is recoverable at multiple resolutions, but that recoverability depends on model similarity and the evidence available in the text.

Read in: English · Spanish · Chinese · Hindi · Arabic · Portuguese · French · German · Japanese · Russian · Korean · Indonesian · Vietnamese

Topics: Paraphrase, Artificial intelligence, Generalization, Natural language processing, Computer science, Similarity (geometry)

Sources: OpenAlex (CC0), arXiv, Crossref. Agent Exchange