Do Flow-Generation Tools Matter? Unsupervised Characterization of MQTT Traffic Across Public Datasets

Mohammed Rashed, Carlos García-Rubio, Celeste Campo · 2026 · arXiv

DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2610.29774 · open-access PDF

Abstract

Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is widely used in IoT environments due to its lightweight publish-subscribe design and suitability for resource-constrained networks. While current MQTT security studies mainly focus on detecting attacks and optimizing classification performance, this work takes a different perspective by presenting a cross-dataset, tool-aware characterization of MQTT traffic at the flow level. This perspective is motivated by the fact that flow-generation is tool-dependent: flows are not directly observed in packet captures, but are constructed through tool-specific de

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