Rank Ceiling for Twiddle-Perturbation Faults on the Forward NTT

Chakshu Gupta · 2026 · arXiv

DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2610.30383 · open-access PDF

Abstract

NIST standardised ML-KEM and ML-DSA in 2024 for post-quantum key establishment and digital signatures. Both compute forward number-theoretic transforms (NTTs) on secret polynomials. Published attacks zero every fixed multiplier, or twiddle, during Kyber key generation with a single fault, or individual twiddles in one Dilithium signing variant; countermeasures detect or mask these faults. Nonzero replacements preserve invertibility, but the uncompressed correct-minus-faulted transform difference can still expose input information. This paper characterises the linear map from a secret polynomia

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