Om Tailor, Yucheng Pan, Solaleh Mohammadi, Xinyan Liu, Kaiqing Zhang · 2026 · arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2610.30516 · open-access PDF
In large language model (LLM) steganography, an encoder hides a private message in an otherwise ordinary response, as text transmitted to a decoder, who attempts to recover it. The success of this private-message transmission is commonly measured through end-to-end (E2E) recovery, which checks whether the decoder correctly reconstructs the private message. However, E2E recovery cannot distinguish encoding failures from decoding failures or reveal how the private message is represented in the encoder's transmitted text. To address these limitations, we introduce a rolewise decomposition framewo
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