HiMark: Hierarchical and Controllable Multi-bit Watermarking for Large Language Models

Ke Zhu, Yanli Chen, Ling Xiong, Gejian Zhao, Hanzhou Wu · 2026 · arXiv

DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2610.30601 · open-access PDF

Abstract

With the rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in text generation applications, it has become increasingly difficult to trace generated content and assign responsibility for its use, raising concerns about provenance, copyright protection, and accountability. Multi-bit watermarking addresses these issues by embedding multi-bit provenance information into generated text, but reliable extraction remains difficult due to sparse per-bit evidence and the trade-off between watermark-extraction accuracy and text quality. To deal with these challenges, we propose HiMark, a hierarchical and co

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