Ali Al-Lawati, Elsayed Eshra, Dongwon Lee, Suhang Wang · 2026 · arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2610.31558 · open-access PDF
\emph{Continuous-space} attacks find prompts that trigger malicious behaviors, such as overthinking, in black-box LLMs by sampling or optimizing over a low-dimensional Gaussian latent space and decoding it to text through a \emph{random mapping} and nearest-token lookup. Because the random mapping is not learned from language, its prompts can be highly unnatural, and as such easily detectable through input guardrails, and the risk estimates they yield are not grounded in natural prompts. In this paper, we demonstrate that the same continuous latent-space framework can be coupled directly to a
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