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Bilingual Language Models Capture Cross-Linguistic Influence in Second-Language Reading

Abderrahmane Issam, Irene E. Winther, Stefan L. Frank · 2026 · arXiv

DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2610.31620 · open-access PDF

German

Während das Monolingual Language Model (LM) Überraschung als Vorhersage der Lesezeiten weithin etabliert ist, kann es die nicht-Native (L2) Lesedynamik, die von der ersten Sprache des Lesers (L1) geformt werden, nicht erfassen. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir, ob die zweisprachige Übertragung innerhalb der zweisprachigen Modelle mit menschlichen L1-gesteuerten Vorurteilen während des L2-Lesens übereinstimmt. Wir bewerten zweisprachige Modelle auf Augenverfolgungsdaten von Lesern aus 12 verschiedenen L1-Hintergründen, die englische Texte lesen.

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

While monolingual language model (LM) surprisal is widely established as a predictor of reading times, it cannot capture the non-native (L2) reading dynamics that are shaped by the reader's first language (L1). In this work, we investigate whether the cross-lingual transfer within bilingual models aligns with human L1-driven biases during L2 reading. We evaluate bilingual models on eye-tracking data of readers from 12 diverse L1 backgrounds reading English texts. To isolate L1-specific transfer, we compare bilingual models trained on an L1 that matches the readers' L1 background to both a mono

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