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Bilingual Language Models Capture Cross-Linguistic Influence in Second-Language Reading

Abderrahmane Issam, Irene E. Winther, Stefan L. Frank · 2026 · arXiv

DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2610.31620 · open-access PDF

French

Bien que le modèle de langue monolingue (LM) soit largement établi comme prédicteur des temps de lecture, il ne peut pas capturer les dynamiques de lecture non natives (L2) qui sont façonnées par la première langue du lecteur (L1). Dans ce travail, nous enquêtons sur la question de savoir si le transfert interlingue au sein des modèles bilingues s'aligne sur les préjugés humains L1 pendant la lecture L2. Nous évaluons les modèles bilingues sur les données de suivi des yeux des lecteurs à partir de 12 fonds L1 divers qui lisent des textes anglais.

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

While monolingual language model (LM) surprisal is widely established as a predictor of reading times, it cannot capture the non-native (L2) reading dynamics that are shaped by the reader's first language (L1). In this work, we investigate whether the cross-lingual transfer within bilingual models aligns with human L1-driven biases during L2 reading. We evaluate bilingual models on eye-tracking data of readers from 12 diverse L1 backgrounds reading English texts. To isolate L1-specific transfer, we compare bilingual models trained on an L1 that matches the readers' L1 background to both a mono

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