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Spectrum of Liability: Forensically Sound Acquisition of Wireless Evidence for the Reconstruction of Maritime Cyber-Physical Incidents

Giacomo Longo, Alessandro Cantelli‐Forti, Alessio Merlo, Enrico Russo · 2026 · arXiv (Cornell University)

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.25411 · cited by 0 works (OpenAlex) · open-access PDF

Korean

현대 해상 통제는 필수 무선 입력에 의존합니다, 특히 GNSS 및 AIS, 수신을 망칠 수 있습니다 또는 막을 수 있습니다. 토지 또는 충돌이 발생할 때, 책임 및 보안 조사는 종종 RF 간섭이 손상된 브릿지 장치에 의존하지만, 유효한 유물 (VDR 출력, IBS 로그, 스크린 샷, 디코딩 메시지)은 다운프레임, 손실 및 적대적 절차에서 쉽게 경쟁 할 수 있습니다. 우리는 최소한의 현대적인 맥락과 함께 위 스트림 무선 증거를 보존하는 법적 소리 습득 방법론을 도입합니다. 우리의 시스템 레코드는 일관성, 관련 밴드에 걸쳐 다중 채널 IQ를 기록하면서 동시에 시간 조정 수신기 및 기계 상태 메타데이터

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

Modern maritime navigation depends on mandatory wireless inputs, most notably GNSS and AIS, whose reception can be spoofed or jammed. When groundings or collisions occur, liability and safety investigations often turn on whether RF interference corrupted bridge instruments, yet the artifacts typically available (VDR outputs, IBS logs, screenshots, decoded messages) are downstream, lossy, and easy to contest in adversarial proceedings. We introduce a forensically sound acquisition methodology that preserves upstream wireless evidence together with the minimal contemporaneous context needed to interpret it. Our system records coherent, multichannel IQ across relevant bands while simultaneously collecting time-aligned receiver and instrument-state metadata (e.g., decoded AIS/GNSS outputs and NMEA sentences), enabling later re-decoding and physical-layer reanalysis tied to what the onboard stack indicated at the time. To make the record independently auditable, we package samples and metadata into a single append-only forensic envelope that cryptographically binds per-stream hash chains with trusted-time anchors and periodic checkpoints, allowing third parties to detect tampering (modification, truncation, splicing, cross-case substitution) and to verify the claimed recording window. A prototype implementation shows the approach is practical: integrity mechanisms add negligible storage overhead and modest compute cost at operationally relevant multiband capture rates.

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Topics: Computer science, Context (archaeology), Wireless, Metadata, Real-time computing, GNSS applications

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