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Who Leads and Who Collects: Algorithmic Collusion in Markets of Heterogeneous Language Models

Jun Yeong Lee · 2026 · SSRN Electronic Journal

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.7579998 · cited by 0 works (OpenAlex) · open-access PDF

Arabic

ونحن نسأل ماذا يحدث عندما لا يحدث. أربعة نموذجات لغة من أربعة شركات، كل منها في أدنى درجاته، سعر في سوق بيرتاند بدون الاتصال من أربعة شركات، في كل متناقضين متناقضين، اثنين على اثنين ومتناقضين تمامًا (11 الخلايا، 20 عملية، 200 فترة). التناقض هو خصائص النموذج: أسواق كليود وميسيينا تصل إلى 72 إلى 79 في المائة من سعر التجزئة، DeepSeek تسوق 24 في المائة، و GPT تسوق لا أحد، على الرغم من أن أسعار GPT تتحرك فوق مستوى التجزئة بدلا من

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

Evidence that pricing algorithms collude comes from markets in which every seller runs the same algorithm. We ask what happens when they do not. Four language models from four providers, each at its cheapest tier, price in a four-firm logit Bertrand market without communication, in every homogeneous, two-by-two and fully mixed composi- tion (11 cells, 20 runs, 200 periods). Collusion is a property of the model: Claude and Gemini markets reach 72 to 79 percent of the monopoly rent, DeepSeek markets 24 percent, and GPT markets none, though GPT prices drift above the monopoly level rather than to

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Topics: Collusion, Monopoly, Homogeneous, Economics, Microeconomics, Transitive relation

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