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Backtracking Direct, Indirect and Total Effects

Jose M. Peña · 2026 · arXiv (Cornell University)

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.28910 · cited by 0 works (OpenAlex) · open-access PDF

German

Natürliche direkte und indirekte Effekte werden durch weltweite Interventions-Kontrafaktualien definiert. Wir schlagen eine alternative Konstruktion auf der Grundlage von Backtracking-Kontrafaktualien vor. Anstatt auf die Behandlung oder den Mediator einzugreifen, verwenden wir eine Backtracking-Bedingte Verteilung, um einen alternativen exogenen Zustand zu konstruieren, der eine gewünschte Behandlung-Mediator-Beschränkung erfüllt. Dies ergibt die Backtracking-Direkt- und Indirekteffekte sowie die Backtracking-Gesamtwirkung.

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

Natural direct and indirect effects are defined through cross-world interventional counterfactuals. We propose an alternative construction based on backtracking counterfactuals. Rather than intervening on the treatment or mediator, we use a backtracking conditional distribution to construct an alternative exogenous state satisfying a desired treatment-mediator constraint. This yields the backtracking direct and indirect effects, and also the backtracking total effect. Likewise, we adapt the population intervention effects.

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Topics: Backtracking, Construct (python library), Population, Mathematics, Mathematical optimization, Computer science

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