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Backtracking Direct, Indirect and Total Effects

Jose M. Peña · 2026 · arXiv (Cornell University)

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.28910 · cited by 0 works (OpenAlex) · open-access PDF

French

Les effets directs et indirects naturels sont définis par des contre-factuels d'intervention transversale. Nous proposons une construction alternative basée sur des contre-factuels de rétractation. Au lieu d'intervenir sur le traitement ou le médiateur, nous utilisons une distribution conditionnelle de rétractation pour construire un état exogène alternatif satisfaisant une contrainte de traitement-mediateur souhaitée. Cela produit les effets directs et indirects de rétractation, ainsi que l'effet total de rétractation. De même, nous adaptons les effets d'intervention de la population.

Machine translation (Meta M2M100); the English original follows.

Abstract

Natural direct and indirect effects are defined through cross-world interventional counterfactuals. We propose an alternative construction based on backtracking counterfactuals. Rather than intervening on the treatment or mediator, we use a backtracking conditional distribution to construct an alternative exogenous state satisfying a desired treatment-mediator constraint. This yields the backtracking direct and indirect effects, and also the backtracking total effect. Likewise, we adapt the population intervention effects.

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Topics: Backtracking, Construct (python library), Population, Mathematics, Mathematical optimization, Computer science

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